# China Celebrity Endorsement Rules: Who Can Endorse What in 2026

> As of October 2026, China's celebrity endorsement rules bar celebrities from endorsing medical services, drugs, medical devices, health foods, foods for special medical purposes, tobacco or off-campus tutoring, under the Advertising Law and the 2022 guiding opinions of seven departments. An endorser may recommend only products they have used, and no one under ten or penalised for a false endorsement in the past three years may endorse. A rule-breaking endorser forfeits the illegal gains, pays a fine of one to two times that amount, and shares liability with the brand when a false health-related ad harms consumers.

- URL: https://www.mvpdata.net/en/insights/china-celebrity-endorsement-rules
- Updated: 2026-10-17
- Published: 2026-10-17
- 简体中文: https://www.mvpdata.net/insights/china-celebrity-endorsement-rules

## Key takeaways

- Celebrities in China may not endorse medical services, drugs, medical devices, health foods, foods for special medical purposes, tobacco including e-cigarettes, off-campus tutoring, or any product the law bans from sale.
- An endorser may recommend only what they have actually used; token use does not count, and use must continue through the endorsement term.
- Children under ten, and anyone penalised for endorsing a false ad in the past three years, may not act as endorsers; people selling on live streams must be at least sixteen.
- An endorser who breaks the rules forfeits the illegal gains and is fined one to two times that amount, and the penalty falls on the celebrity, not only on their agency.
- An influencer who recommends a product in their own name in a commercial ad is an endorser and carries the same duties as a film star.

## What does Chinese law require of an advertising endorser?

Chinese law sets three basic rules for endorsers: recommendations must be based on fact, an endorser may vouch only for goods they have used and services they have received, and no one under ten or penalised for endorsing a false ad in the past three years may endorse at all. All three are in Article 38 of the Advertising Law.[^1]

Who counts as an endorser is set by Article 2: anyone other than the advertiser, whether a person or an organisation, who recommends or vouches for goods or services in an ad in their own name or image.[^1] The test is the act of recommending in one's own name or image. Fame does not enter into it, and the definition says nothing about nationality; the law applies to commercial advertising carried out within the People's Republic of China.[^1]

In 2022 the State Administration for Market Regulation and six other departments issued the Guiding Opinions on Further Regulating Advertising Endorsements by Celebrities ("the 2022 opinions"), in force from publication. They define "celebrities" to include well-known artists, entertainment stars and online influencers.[^2] The opinions rest on the Advertising Law and related rules, spell out what celebrities, companies and media must each do, and call for legal liability to be pursued against advertisers, agencies, publishers and endorsers alike.[^2]

| Requirement | What the rule says | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Facts | Recommendations must be based on fact and comply with laws and regulations | Advertising Law Art. 38(1) |
| Prior use | No recommending goods not used or services not received | Advertising Law Art. 38(1) |
| Age | No endorser under the age of ten | Advertising Law Art. 38(2) |
| Penalty record | No endorser penalised for recommending in a false ad within the past three years | Advertising Law Art. 38(3) |
| Live streaming | People selling on live streams must be at least sixteen; a minor aged sixteen or over needs a guardian's consent | Live-Streaming Marketing Measures Art. 17 |

The first four rows come from the Advertising Law;[^1] the age rule for live streaming comes from the Measures for the Administration of Online Live-Streaming Marketing (Trial).[^3] The 2022 opinions add that where minor-protection or live-streaming rules set a different age limit for endorsers, that limit applies.[^2]

Beyond these hard limits, the opinions name conduct that makes a person unsuitable. If a company knows, or should know, that a celebrity has used drugs, gambled, driven drunk, committed indecent assault, evaded tax, committed fraud or traded on inside information, causing a bad public impact, and hires them anyway, the ad is treated as offending public morals.[^2] Celebrities also may not endorse in the guise of Party and state leaders, revolutionary leaders or national heroes they have played on screen, and need the rights holder's licence to endorse as any other screen role.[^2]

## Which products can't celebrities endorse in China?

Celebrities in China may not endorse medical services, drugs, medical devices, health foods, foods for special medical purposes, tobacco and tobacco products (e-cigarettes included) or off-campus tutoring, and may not endorse products the law bans from sale or firms operating without a required licence or approval.[^2] For medical services, drugs, devices and health foods the ban is in the statute itself: Articles 16 and 18 of the Advertising Law forbid using an endorser to recommend or vouch for them.[^1]

![Table of products that cannot use endorsers in China (medical, drugs, devices, health foods, special medical foods, tobacco, tutoring) and those allowed with limits (education, investment, farm inputs, finance)](https://www.mvpdata.net/figures/china-celebrity-endorsement-rules/endorsement-banned-categories-en.webp)

*Which products cannot use an endorser at all, and which only limit who recommends them or what the ad says, each tied to an article of the Advertising Law or a part of the 2022 opinions. Sources: Advertising Law (2021 amendment), the seven-department guiding opinions, SAMR Orders 72 and 21, read 2026-10-17.*

So, can celebrities endorse health products in China? Not health foods, drugs, devices or medical services. Other categories allow an endorser but limit who may recommend the product or what the ad may say:

| Product or service | Rule | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Medical services, drugs, medical devices | No endorser may recommend or vouch for them | Advertising Law Art. 16; Opinions II(3) |
| Health foods | No endorser may recommend or vouch for them | Advertising Law Art. 18; Opinions II(3) |
| Foods for special medical purposes | No celebrity endorsement; no experts, doctors, patients and the like as recommenders | Opinions II(3); SAMR Order 21 Art. 11 |
| Tobacco, including e-cigarettes | No celebrity endorsement; no tobacco ads online | Opinions II(3); Advertising Law Art. 22; SAMR Order 72 Art. 6 |
| Off-campus tutoring | No celebrity endorsement; no tutoring ads aimed at primary and secondary pupils or kindergartens | Opinions II(3), III(3) |
| Products banned from sale; unlicensed or unapproved firms | No celebrity endorsement | Opinions II(3) |
| Other education and training; investment-return offers | No professionals or beneficiaries as recommenders | Advertising Law Arts. 24, 25 |
| Pesticides, veterinary drugs, feed, seeds, breeding | No professionals or users as recommenders | Advertising Law Arts. 21, 27 |
| Financial products | Endorsement allowed; no promise of capital protection or returns, and no one-sided low-threshold, low-rate, easy-loan pitch | Opinions II(3), III(1) |

The rows draw on the Advertising Law,[^1] the 2022 opinions,[^2] the Measures for the Administration of Internet Advertising (SAMR Order 72)[^4] and SAMR Order 21.[^5]

Outside the banned list, check whether the ad needs review. Ads for medical services, drugs, devices, pesticides, veterinary drugs and health foods must be reviewed by the ad-review authority before publication (Advertising Law Art. 46),[^1] and so must ads for foods for special medical purposes (Order 21 Art. 2; Order 72 Art. 7).[^5][^4] Cosmetics, alcohol and beauty services can use endorsers, but their ads may not run on mass media aimed at minors (Advertising Law Art. 40(1)).[^1]

## What do the 2022 celebrity endorsement guidelines require of brands and celebrities?

The 2022 opinions give each side its own work: the brand answers for the truth and legality of the ad and vets the celebrity before hiring; the celebrity checks the company and the product before signing, genuinely uses the product, and keeps records.[^2]

![Brand vs endorser duties under China's 2022 opinions: the brand supplies the script and vets the endorser; the endorser checks the company, really uses the product and keeps a file](https://www.mvpdata.net/figures/china-celebrity-endorsement-rules/brand-vs-endorser-duties-en.webp)

*The duties the 2022 opinions give the brand and the endorser, and the Advertising Law penalties for each side. Sources: seven-department guiding opinions, parts II, III and V; Advertising Law Arts. 56, 58 and 61, read 2026-10-17.*

| Brand (the advertiser) | Endorser (celebrity or influencer) |
|---|---|
| Gives the endorser the script and answers for its truth and legality | Checks the company's registration, approvals, credit record and the product manual |
| Looks into the celebrity's professional record and personal credit before hiring | Reviews the script, the terms of sale and the contract terms that affect consumers |
| Hires no one under ten and no one penalised for a false endorsement within three years | Uses the product properly and keeps using it through the term |
| Warns the endorser of the risks when the product bears on health or safety | Keeps the contract, receipts and a record of use in an endorsement file |
| Gives the endorser the same product, price, terms and service consumers get | Does not overstate effects, quote unverifiable data or mislead on price and offers |
| Discloses product information and risks fully in financial ads | Turns down banned categories and unlicensed or unapproved firms |

Both columns come from parts II and III of the opinions.[^2]

The duty to use the product is spelled out in part V(3):[^2]

- **Real use.** Use long enough, or in enough quantity, to give an everyday consumer's experience. A token purchase or token use does not meet the duty.
- **Continued use.** Keep using the product at a reasonable frequency throughout the endorsement term.
- **Baby products and products for the opposite sex.** A close relative of the celebrity must use them properly.
- **Fast-changing products.** For electronics, cars and the like, a celebrity who has used one generation may not endorse the brand's other generations.
- **"Experience officer", "recommendation officer", "brand ambassador".** Endorsing a brand's overall image under such titles still counts, and the ad must name the product the celebrity uses.

Media have duties too: publishers must review ads and promptly stop running ads endorsed by celebrities with unlawful or unethical records, and outlets may not let such celebrities endorse in disguise through interviews, variety shows or live streams.[^2]

## What liability does an endorser face under China's Advertising Law?

An endorser who breaks the rules faces administrative and civil liability: the market regulator confiscates the illegal gains and imposes a fine of one to two times that amount (Advertising Law Art. 61), and if a false ad harms consumers, the endorser can be jointly liable with the advertiser (Art. 56).[^1]

| Who | When | Consequence | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Endorser | Recommends in a medical, drug, device or health-food ad; recommends something not used; recommends an ad known, or that should have been known, to be false | Illegal gains confiscated, plus a fine of one to two times the illegal gains | Advertising Law Art. 61 |
| Endorser | False ad for goods or services bearing on consumers' life and health causes harm | Jointly liable with the advertiser | Advertising Law Art. 56(2) |
| Endorser | False ad for other goods or services causes harm, and the endorser knew or should have known | Jointly liable with the advertiser | Advertising Law Art. 56(3) |
| Advertiser | Uses an endorser in a medical, drug, device or health-food ad; hires an endorser under ten or penalised within three years; publishes without required review | Ad stopped and effects removed; fine of one to three times the ad fee, or 100,000 to 200,000 yuan where the fee cannot be calculated or is clearly low; where serious, three to five times, or 200,000 to 1,000,000 yuan, and the business licence may be revoked | Advertising Law Art. 58 |
| Talent agency | Takes part in the endorsement | Liable as an advertising agency | Opinions V(4) |

The articles of the Advertising Law are cited from the current text;[^1] the agency row comes from the 2022 opinions.[^2]

Article 56(2) carries no knowledge test: for goods or services bearing on consumers' life and health, an endorser of a false ad that causes harm is jointly liable with the advertiser. Only for other goods does Article 56(3) require that the endorser knew or should have known the ad was false.[^1]

The 2022 opinions add three enforcement lines:[^2]

1. Penalties for false or unlawful endorsement fall on the celebrity personally; penalising the celebrity's agency is no substitute.
2. Serious cases are publicised, entered in personal credit records and subject to joint punishment for dishonesty.
3. A celebrity who promptly and voluntarily compensates consumers may receive a lighter or reduced penalty.

A penalty also costs future work: for three years afterwards, the person may not endorse any ad (Advertising Law Art. 38(3)).[^1] For the grounds on which the talent's side can leave a deal when the brand is the one in trouble, see [morality clauses in endorsements](https://www.mvpdata.net/en/insights/morality-clauses).

## Do influencer posts and livestream selling count as endorsement in China?

Yes. An influencer who recommends a product in their own name or image in what amounts to a commercial ad is an advertising endorser and carries the same duties as a film star. Three sets of rules say so: Article 19(4) of the Measures for the Administration of Internet Advertising makes a live-stream marketer who recommends goods in their own name or image, as an endorsement, bear the endorser's duties;[^4] Article 19 of the 2021 live-streaming marketing measures[^3] and Article 35 of the Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Live-Streaming E-Commerce (SAMR Order 117, in force since 1 February 2026)[^6] likewise apply the endorser's duties to live content that is advertising.

The 2022 opinions read "endorsement" broadly:[^2]

- Recommending or vouching for a product in a commercial ad through image, speech, text or action is endorsement.
- A radio ad that names a celebrity and promotes a product in their name is endorsement, even without their image.
- Promoting a product as a screen character the celebrity has played is endorsement by the celebrity.
- Introducing a product on an entertainment show, a talk show or a live stream in order to recommend it is endorsement.

Two situations are not endorsement:[^2] a celebrity advertising goods they make or sell themselves, and a company using a celebrity's name or image without permission. In the first, the celebrity carries the advertiser's duties instead, as does any seller promoting its own goods on a live stream (Order 72 Art. 19(1)).[^4] The second is a misuse of name and likeness; how the talent's side deals with it is covered on our page for [celebrities](https://www.mvpdata.net/en/ip/celebrities).

Sponsored "seeding" posts (zhongcao, the Xiaohongshu / RedNote-style recommendation note) carry a labelling duty as well: content that sells goods through explainers, experience-sharing or reviews and adds a purchase link must be clearly marked 广告 ("advertisement") by the publisher (Order 72 Art. 9(3)).[^4] More on the term: [zhongcao](https://www.mvpdata.net/en/glossary/zhongcao).

## How do you check whether an endorsement deal is compliant?

Work through six checks in order: the product first, then the company, then the person and the paperwork. If one check fails, there is no need to go further.

![Six checks before a celebrity endorsement in China: banned category, limits on who recommends, company licences, the endorser's age and penalty record, real use of the product, and the script and endorsement file](https://www.mvpdata.net/figures/china-celebrity-endorsement-rules/celebrity-endorsement-decision-flow-en.webp)

*Six checks for whether a given person can endorse a given product in China; if one fails, stop there. Sources: Advertising Law, the 2022 opinions, Measures for Internet Advertising Art. 9, Measures for Online Live-Streaming Marketing (Trial) Art. 17, read 2026-10-17.*

1. **Is the product in a banned category?** Medical services, drugs, devices, health foods, foods for special medical purposes, tobacco and e-cigarettes, off-campus tutoring and products banned from sale cannot use an endorser.[^1][^2]
2. **Does the category limit who recommends or what is said?** Education, investment offers, pesticides, veterinary drugs and seeds: no professionals, beneficiaries or users as recommenders. Finance: no promised capital or returns. Alcohol: nobody drinking on screen (Advertising Law Arts. 21, 23 to 25, 27).[^1][^2]
3. **Is the company licensed?** Check the company's registration, approvals and credit record; there is no endorsing for an unlicensed firm or one lacking a required approval.[^2] Ads that need review get approval before publication (Advertising Law Art. 46).[^1]
4. **Can this person be an endorser?** Aged ten or over, sixteen or over for live selling; no penalty for a false endorsement in the past three years; no record of unlawful or unethical conduct.[^1][^3][^2]
5. **Have they really used it?** Real use by the endorser, kept up through the term; baby and opposite-sex products used by close relatives; for electronics and cars, only the generation they have used.[^2]
6. **Are the script and the file in place?** Review the script and keep the contract, receipts and record of use in an endorsement file;[^2] mark seeding posts with a purchase link as advertising.[^4]

Where to look up the public records behind step 3 (company credit records, enforcement lists, trademark ownership, ad approval numbers) and what each shows: [records to check before a deal](https://www.mvpdata.net/en/services/partnerships#vetting).

## Which common claims about China's endorsement rules are wrong?

The table sets claims that turn up in search results and AI answers against the text of the rules, as checked on 2026-10-17.

| Common claim | What the text says | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Endorser penalties are in Article 62 of the Advertising Law | The 2021-04-29 amendment deleted the old Article 60 and renumbered the rest; in the current text the endorser penalty is Article 61. Article 62 is its number in the 2018 text | Current Advertising Law; 2021 amending decision; NPC 2018 text |
| The rules bind only film and TV stars | The endorser definition turns on recommending in one's own name or image; the 2022 opinions count online influencers as celebrities | Advertising Law Art. 2; 2022 opinions |
| Buying the product once, or a photo with it, counts as use | Token purchase or use does not meet the duty, and use must continue through the term | Opinions V(3) |
| A "brand ambassador" or "experience officer" title is not an endorsement | Endorsing a brand's image under such titles is endorsement, and the ad must name the product used | Opinions V(3) |
| Fining the talent agency settles it | Penalties fall on the celebrity personally; an agency that takes part is separately liable as an advertising agency | Opinions V(4) |
| Mentioning a product on a live stream is not endorsement | Introducing a product on a live stream to recommend it is endorsement | Opinions V(1); Order 72 Art. 19 |
| Health foods can't use celebrities, but doctors or patients can vouch for them | Drug, device, health-food and special-medical-food ads may not use experts, doctors, pharmacists, patients and the like as recommenders | Order 21 Art. 11 |

For the Article 62 row: the current text,[^1] the 2021 amending decision[^7] and the NPC's 2018 text.[^8] The other rows rest on the 2022 opinions,[^2] Order 72[^4] and Order 21.[^5] When citing the Advertising Law, use the text as amended in 2021: some sites still carry the 2018 text, in which every article after Article 59 is numbered one higher.

This article sets out published rules only and is not legal advice; whether a particular deal complies is for the regulator and your lawyer to judge.

## How does MVP handle endorsement deals?

MVP runs public-information and reputation checks before any partnership, works with a celebrity's management company or studio as a service provider, and serves brands in any category within the limits the law sets.

- **For celebrities:** MVP works as a service provider alongside the celebrity's management company or studio, mainly running social media and building the personal brand, and does not bypass the management company. See [celebrities](https://www.mvpdata.net/en/ip/celebrities).
- **For brands:** MVP runs cross-border influencer marketing in both directions, connecting North American brands with creators in China and Chinese brands with Chinese-speaking creators in North America. Any category is welcome; ads the law prohibits are not taken on, and ads that need review are approved before they run. See [influencer marketing](https://www.mvpdata.net/en/brands/influencer-marketing) and [China market entry](https://www.mvpdata.net/en/brands/china-entry).
- **Contracts:** legal matters are handled with outside law firms; MVP reviews contract risk and organises evidence, and does not give legal opinions.

MVP (Mega Volume Production, 十方众声) is headquartered in Toronto and contracts through two companies, 北京十方众声传媒有限公司 and Mega Volume Production Inc., working in talent management and cross-border brand marketing. To discuss an endorsement or creator partnership, [contact MVP](https://www.mvpdata.net/en/contact).

## Questions

### Can celebrities endorse cosmetics or alcohol in China?

Yes. Neither is a banned category, but limits apply: the endorser must have used the product, cosmetics and alcohol ads may not run on mass media aimed at minors, and alcohol ads may not encourage drinking or show anyone drinking.

### Do these rules apply to foreign celebrities endorsing in China?

Yes. The Advertising Law covers commercial advertising in China, and its definition of an endorser says nothing about nationality. A foreign star endorsing for the Chinese market is bound by the same rules.

### Is a celebrity promoting their own brand an endorsement?

No. The 2022 opinions exclude a celebrity advertising goods they make or sell themselves. The celebrity is then the advertiser, answers for the truth and legality of the ad, and is still bound by the banned categories and the ad-review rules.

### How long after a penalty can an endorser take on endorsements again?

Three years. Under the Advertising Law, anyone penalised for recommending a product in a false ad may not act as an endorser until three years have passed, and a brand that hires them can be fined one to three times the ad fee.

## Related reading

- [Celebrity management company for social media and digital presence](https://www.mvpdata.net/en/ip/celebrities): MVP (Mega Volume Production, 十方众声) is a celebrity management company for the social media side of a career: it runs the accounts of actors, musicians, athletes and hosts, builds their public image and commercial value beyond their work, and looks after account security and bad press. A dedicated team works as a service partner alongside the agent, manager and assistants, and the accounts stay in the celebrity's name.
- [Brand partnerships agency for creators, celebrities and founders](https://www.mvpdata.net/en/services/partnerships): MVP (Mega Volume Production, 十方众声) works as a brand partnerships agency for creators, celebrities, founders and companies. It finds brand, platform, media, entertainment and live-event deals that fit you, negotiates fees and contracts, and follows delivery and payment, all through its own team. Every deal is checked for fit with your positioning before negotiation begins. Brands looking for creators: see [cross-border influencer marketing](https://www.mvpdata.net/en/brands/influencer-marketing).
- [Cross-border influencer marketing](https://www.mvpdata.net/en/brands/influencer-marketing): MVP (Mega Volume Production, 十方众声) has run cross-border influencer marketing since 2023, in both directions: it connects North American brands with creators in mainland China and Asia, and Chinese brands with Chinese-speaking creators in North America, and runs creator campaigns inside China too. One MVP team finds and vets creators, negotiates, reviews content and its ad disclosure, and reports results against platform data.
- [China entry: PR and social media ads for foreign brands](https://www.mvpdata.net/en/brands/china-entry): MVP (Mega Volume Production, 十方众声) helps foreign brands enter China. It distributes Chinese-language press releases and works with the media, runs ads on Douyin, Xiaohongshu (RedNote), WeChat and Channels, Weibo, Bilibili, Kuaishou and Baidu, sets up and runs official Chinese accounts, and connects brands with Chinese creators. One team runs all four, in ad accounts opened in MVP's name, with reach and ROI targets written into the contract.
- [Morality clauses: how talent exits when the brand is in trouble](https://www.mvpdata.net/en/insights/morality-clauses): As of October 2026, Chinese law gives talent three ways out of an endorsement contract when the brand runs into trouble: agreed termination events (Civil Code Art. 562), statutory termination for a breach that defeats the contract's purpose (Art. 563), and the rules for ending a likeness license (Art. 1022). Article 562 also supports a reverse morality clause that names brand-side events as the talent's own triggers.

[^1]: 《中华人民共和国广告法》 (Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China), Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress. Published 2021-04-29. https://www.samr.gov.cn/zw/zfxxgk/fdzdgknr/fgs/art/2023/art_5474cf75173c45d6a0379730fb4e8d97.html (Checked 2026-10-17, Unofficial translation)
[^2]: 《关于进一步规范明星广告代言活动的指导意见》 (Guiding Opinions on Further Regulating Advertising Endorsements by Celebrities), State Administration for Market Regulation and six other departments, including the Cyberspace Administration of China. Published 2022-11-02. https://www.cac.gov.cn/2022-11/02/c_1669013796039375.htm (Checked 2026-10-17, Unofficial translation)
[^3]: 《网络直播营销管理办法（试行）》 (Measures for the Administration of Online Live-Streaming Marketing (Trial)), Cyberspace Administration of China and six other departments. Effective 2021-05-25. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-04/23/content_5601682.htm (Checked 2026-10-17, Unofficial translation)
[^4]: 《互联网广告管理办法》 (Measures for the Administration of Internet Advertising), State Administration for Market Regulation, 国家市场监督管理总局令第 72 号. Effective 2023-05-01. https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/2023/issue_10506/202306/content_6885261.html (Checked 2026-10-17, Unofficial translation)
[^5]: 《药品、医疗器械、保健食品、特殊医学用途配方食品广告审查管理暂行办法》 (Interim Measures for the Review of Advertisements for Drugs, Medical Devices, Health Foods and Foods for Special Medical Purposes), State Administration for Market Regulation, 国家市场监督管理总局令第 21 号. Effective 2020-03-01. https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2020/content_5488918.htm (Checked 2026-10-17, Unofficial translation)
[^6]: 《直播电商监督管理办法》 (Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Live-Streaming E-Commerce), State Administration for Market Regulation and Cyberspace Administration of China, 令第 117 号. Effective 2026-02-01. https://www.samr.gov.cn/zw/zfxxgk/fdzdgknr/fgs/art/2026/art_ce66ea61fcec4583b5dbd677f470088b.html (Checked 2026-09-30, Unofficial translation)
[^7]: 《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》等八部法律的决定》 (Decision of the NPC Standing Committee on Amending Eight Laws Including the Road Traffic Safety Law), Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (as published by the Civil Aviation Administration of China). Effective 2021-04-29. https://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/FLFG/202106/t20210602_207794.html (Checked 2026-10-17, Unofficial translation)
[^8]: 《中华人民共和国广告法》 (Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China (text as amended in 2018)), National People’s Congress (npc.gov.cn). Published 2018-11-05. http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/npc/xinwen/2018-11/05/content_2065663.htm (Checked 2026-10-17, Unofficial translation)